You seem to forget that one of the base tenets of Islam is to convert the entire world to Islam. Unlike the Jewish religion, which is why your example of them doesn't hold much weight in my eyes.
As for the practical component. I absolutely disagree with your assessment, why are American Muslims so divided and unable to work it all out, and yet European Muslims seem to have quite a nice Sharia system going on?
Yep, the Quran does say that. It also commands followers to kill Jews and nonbelievers and a whole bunch of other people. There are also a series of Surahs and Sunnahs that command followers to obey the laws of the country they inahbit. That they must follow the leader and not break their convenant, or commit other treacherous acts. There is also a Surah (9:5 if you're curious) that commands Muslims to "slay idolaters wherever you find them, and capture and besiege them", but the very next two lines command the faithful to grant mercy to them if they seek protection and "So as long as they are upright toward you, be upright toward them. Verily, Allah loves the righteous."
I am not a Muslim so I have no problem saying that Islam's canonical texts are filled with contradictions, inaccuracies, and downright weird stuff. The Medina verses are considerably more violent than the Meccan verses, and say a whole bunch of stuff that would make any reader of the Quran go "Whoa! What's up with this stuff?" But that's the thing: you don't read the Quran or Hadith by themselves without knowledge of the 1000+ years of jurisprudence and scholarly thought that have gone into them. With the exception of the Salafis and their offshoots (e.g. Wahhabis), all Muslims follow a
Maddhab, or school of juridical thought. These Maddhabs decided long ago that, in the context that they were written (i.e. when Muhammad was fighting and fucking people up) these verses are not universally applicable. Some scholars later broke from this view, such as the Shafis and later some of the Hanafis circa 11th century CE. One particular Hanafi scholar, Sarakhsi, argued in the
Kitab al-Musbut that eternal war against the non-believers was the duty of every Muslim. Unfortunately, his idea became the persistent view of the Hanafis until around the 17th century. People, possessing brains and free will, just said "Hey, is this what we really believe?" and simply abandoned the idea. Meanwhile, Shias and Sufis don't even bother with that.
What I'm trying to say is that people like Pamela Geller who read the Quran and raise the alarm are reading canonical texts in a vacuum. What would happen if you did that with the Bible? If you ignored the Council(s) of Nicea, the Reformation, and the abrogation of the old testament? Well, you too would think Christianity was a fucked up system that forbade the wearing of mixed fibers, eating pork, tattoos, and being gay. That's right, tattoos are straight banned: "Leviticus 19:28
“Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you: I am the Lord.”"
But we read these texts and are aware of the theological history behind them. We
know that some long-dead philosopher said "Hey, is this what we really believe?" and rejected it. Muslims are people, after all. Rational (sometimes), free-thinking people, and they are able to look at these violent verses and say "I like all this other stuff, but not that killing stuff. It's kinda icky." As a person who studies this topic, I have yet to be killed by a Muslim. Maybe it will happen some day, but I'm beginning to think that maybe they're not too keen on this violence stuff. Other Muslims may be! ISIS is an example of a Salafi group that reads a near-literal interpretation of the Quran and Hadith, rejecting all Maddhabs and centuries of scholarly thought. A little bit like Pamela Geller, I suppose.
Islam in Europe is a product of conditions that are unique to that continent. Conditions that you cannot apply universally. Why do certain groups of people emigrate to Europe instead of America? What policies foster or discourage family planning? Why are we even talking about "Europe" as if it were a homogeneous nation instead of 50-or-so countries? What qualities does France possess that encourage immigrants from Muslim countries to flock to it rather than, say, Denmark? Why does a financially-troubled nation like Greece experience less controversy from its Muslim communities than comparable communities in the UK? Time and time again you're treating these peoples and their religious identities as a single, homogeneous entity. It's like saying that starting bar fights is a character trait of all Marines because you've seen them get kicked out of Oceanside bars nearly every weekend.
Really, in the end I am not concerned with the notion Shariah in Europe, because the topic at hand is Shariah in America.