Britain and France are developing a plan to deploy up to 30,000 European peacekeepers in Ukraine if Moscow and Kyiv reach a cease-fire deal, European officials say.
But the European proposal hinges on persuading President Trump to agree to a limited U.S. military role—dubbed a “backstop” by British officials—to protect the European troops in Ukraine if they were put in danger and deter Russia from violating any cease-fire, the officials said.
An initial test of Trump’s willingness to consider U.S. security guarantees for Ukraine will come in the next few days when U.K. Prime Minister Keir Starmer and French President Emmanuel Macron are scheduled to hold talks with the president at the White House.
The emerging European plan wouldn’t require the U.S. to deploy its own forces in Ukraine, which the Trump administration has all but ruled out, but would seek to draw on U.S. military capabilities that European forces lack, the officials say.
The U.S., for example, might operate air-defense systems in neighboring countries that covered swaths of Ukraine while contributing other air-defense systems to the Europeans, European officials said. U.S. air power based outside Ukraine could be kept at the ready in case European troops were in danger.
Starmer is expected to raise the evolving blueprint with Trump on Thursday, European officials said, but isn’t likely to make a concrete request for American assistance yet. Macron, who will meet on Monday with Trump, the anniversary of Russia’s 2022 invasion, will outline broader allied views on the war and how to reassure Ukraine.
Without Trump’s backing, the European plan to send peacekeepers faces a difficult path, the officials said.
The National Security Council and the British Embassy in Washington declined to comment. Mike Waltz, Trump’s national security adviser, has encouraged Europeans to develop a plan for defending Ukraine but hasn’t discussed a possible U.S. military role.
“There’s been discussions from Prime Minister Starmer and President Macron about European-led security guarantees,” he said. “We certainly welcome more European assistance.” A major challenge for the Europeans may be Trump’s goal to upgrade ties with Russia and reluctance to position the U.S. military as a potential adversary to Russian President Vladimir Putin’s forces in Ukraine.
Trump has called Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky a dictator and accused Ukraine of starting the war, which began after Putin ordered a large-scale invasion. Trump backed off his claim Friday, saying “Russia attacked, but they shouldn’t have let him attack.”
U.S. officials have pressed Zelensky to sign an agreement turning over valuable mineral rights, an accord that would be of little economic benefit to Washington unless the conflict in Ukraine was ended and the country was secure.
While European nations have stepped up their military spending in recent years, the U.K., Germany and other key North Atlantic Treaty Organization members have shrunk their armed forces since the end of the Cold War and become more dependent on the U.S., just as a Trump-led Washington is pulling away from its allies.
British officials believe American involvement is critical to deter Russian attacks, encourage other European nations to also send troops and provide the multinational force with key capabilities in short supply among European militaries.
British and French troops, along with naval forces and air power, would form the backbone of a so-called reassurance force. It wouldn’t be deployed along the front line in Ukraine’s east, but rather would be tasked with protecting vital infrastructure, cities and ports, including in the Black Sea. Drones and satellites would monitor the front line to determine whether Russia was abiding by the cease-fire.
International efforts to help Ukraine field a sizable and capable military of its own would continue and the goal of the European force wouldn’t be to substitute for Kyiv’s forces.
As the British and French prepared for their visits, Polish President Andrzej Duda met with Trump on Saturday. While Poland isn’t planning to send peacekeeping troops to Ukraine, Duda is a strong backer of Ukraine and is trying to nurture dialogue between Trump and Zelensky.
Some former U.S. military officials have raised questions about the emerging European plan while stressing that any peacekeepers would need a full array of capabilities to discourage Russian aggression.
“It has to be a joint, capable force with drone, counterdrone, long-range strike and all the things that would be needed to deter Russia from violating the cease-fire,” said Ben Hodges, a retired Army lieutenant general who served as the top U.S. Army commander in Europe from 2014 to 2018.
He added: “To put a bunch of British and French troops in cities back in Central and Western Ukraine isn’t going to stop Russia from doing anything except maybe launching missiles against those particular cities.”
To assemble a robust European peacekeeping force, Europeans say they are likely to need U.S. help with air and missile defenses. Other important capabilities the U.S. might provide include logistics, intelligence and air power.
The Trump administration has been unclear as to whether it would help with such an effort.
On Feb. 12, Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth told allies in Brussels that the U.S. welcomed the proposal for a peacekeeping force that wouldn’t include American troops and couldn’t operate under the NATO flag. But the next day, speaking to The Wall Street Journal in Paris, Vice President JD Vance left the option of U.S. troops deploying to Ukraine “on the table.”
Waltz signaled that Europe’s price for engaging in peace talks between Ukraine and Russia was to be Kyiv’s main security guarantor. “As I told my counterparts, ‘Come to the table with more, if you want a bigger seat at the table,’ and we’ve been asking for that for quite some time,” he said.
Starmer’s government is the main force behind the plan, officials said.
“A U.S. security guarantee is the only way to effectively deter Russia from attacking Ukraine again,” he told reporters Feb. 17.
Macron, who has long urged Europe to take on a larger defense role, remains interested in the U.K. plan but is also gathering ideas from allies, including at a meeting of European leaders in Paris last week.
“I’m not going to decide tomorrow to send troops into Ukraine. No,” he said Thursday during a social media question-and-answer event. “What we’re considering rather is to send forces to guarantee the peace once it is negotiated and signed.”